德南學術重鎮 LMU The academic pearl of south Germany LMU

英國有劍橋牛津，美國有哈佛和其他常春藤名校
那麼德國有哪些著名高等學府呢？
今天我們就來介紹德南的著名學府 - 慕尼黑大學。

In Uk, we have Cambridge and Oxford.
In USA, we have Harvard and other Ivy League colleges.
What do we have in Germany?
Today I'm going to introduce one of the most famous university in southern Germany - LMU.

圖片來源：自行攝影

慕尼黑大學的正式官方名稱為 - 路德維希-馬克西米連大學（Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München）
其於西元1472年，由當時的巴伐利亞-蘭茲胡特公爵路德維希九世（Herzog Ludwig IX.）成立，並在因哥斯塔特（Ingolstadt）落地生根（沒錯！慕尼黑大學一開始並不在慕尼黑喔！）
1800年，因為法國人的勢力擴張，當時的公爵馬克西米連四世（也就是之後的第一任巴伐利亞國王馬克西米連一世 - Maximilian I. Joseph）將大學遷往蘭茲胡特（Landshut），並於西元1802年正式改名為路德維希-馬克西米連大學，以紀念創辦者路德維希九世和之後的巴伐利亞國王馬克西米連一世。慕尼黑大學設址於蘭茲胡特的時間並不長，西元1826年，路德維希一世將大學遷至王國首府慕尼黑，直到今日。

圖片來源：自行攝影

LMU's official full name is Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
It was founded in 1472 by the duke of Bayern-Landshut - Ludwig IX. in Ingolstadt. (It's right! Munich University wasn't founded in Munich at the beginning!)
In 1800, because of the pressure from the Frenchs, duke Maximilian IV. (also known as the first king of Bavarian Maximilian I. Joseph) decided to transfer the university to Landshut, and in 1802 the name of the university was officially settled as Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität to honor the founder Ludwig IX. and the duke himself Maximilian IV.. LMU didn't stay long in Landshut. In 1862 it was transferred to Munich, where it still stands today.

慕尼黑大學另一段值得提及的歷史還包含了反納粹的學生團體 - 白色玫瑰。
其主要領導成員有：
漢斯．索爾（Hans Scholl）
蘇菲．索爾（Sophie Scholl）
克里斯多福．波普斯特（Christoph Probst）
亞歷山大．許莫瑞（Alexander Schmorell）
庫特．胡伯（Prof. Kurt Huber）
威利．格拉夫（Willi Graf）

There's also another historic page of LMU worthy to mention about: the anti-Nazi student group - White Rose.
Its main leaders include:
Hans Scholl
Sophie Scholl
Christoph Probst
Alexander Schmorell
Prof. Kurt Huber
Willi Graf

他們在1942年六月至1943年二月間，於大學陸續發送了六份未具名的反納粹傳單，希望喚起更多群眾加入反抗希特勒政權的行列。可惜的是，1943年二月十八日，當索爾兄妹意圖在大學大廳四處散佈傳單時，被當時的管理員雅各．施密特（Jakob Schmid）發現並通報秘密警察（又俗稱蓋世太保），帶往慕尼黑秘密警察總部監禁。
審問期間，蘇菲．索爾雖然企圖將所有的罪責攬在自己身上，秘密警察卻在漢斯．索爾身上搜出波普斯特所擬的傳單草稿。1943年二月二十二日，三人被以叛國罪等名義送上了斷頭台。上述提及的另三名成員，也分別在1943年七月與1943年十月被判處死刑。
為了紀念這群勇敢站出來對抗獨裁政權的年輕人，慕尼黑大學主棟前的兩座廣場被命名為「索爾兄妹廣場」以及「胡伯教授廣場」，廣場上嵌入了由大理石做的「傳單」紀念碑，就像是當年白色玫瑰所灑下的希望一般。大廳的牆上，也另置了刻有所有成員的紀念碑以及蘇菲．索爾的胸像，每天都有人換上新鮮的白玫瑰，提醒著我們不讓歷史再次重演。
想要多加了解白色玫瑰歷史的民眾，也可以參觀大廳旁的白色玫瑰紀念室，內容相當豐富且免費入場。

圖片來源：自行攝影

They successfully spread  six anonymous anti-Nazi flyers from June 1942 to February 1943, hoping to gather more people to join the line against NS-regime. Unfortunately, on February 18th, 1943, when Hans and Sophie Scholl were trying to spread flyers in the main hall of LMU, they were caught by the building manager, Jakob Schmid, reported to the GESTAPO, and then taken into custody.
During the interrogation, Sophie Scholl was trying to take all responsibilities on herself; however, GESTAPO found the script of Christoph Probst in Hans Scholl's pocket. On 22nd February, 1943, three of them were sentenced to death. The other three members mentioned above were also later executed in June and October.
In order to honor these heroes for their courage to against NSDAP, the two main squares in front of the main building of LMU are named "Geschwister-Scholl-Platz" and "Professor-Huber-Platz", on the ground there're flyers made from marble as monument, just like the hope once spread by White Rose. On the wall of the main hall, there are also monument with all the names and one statue of Sophie Scholl. Everyday, there're fresh roses, to remind us not let this historical tragedy happen again. Who wants to know more about the history of White Rose, can also visit the museum of White Rose next to the main hall for free.

慕尼黑大學經過戰後重建、六七零年代的學運，持續地蓬勃發展，目前的校園除了主棟區外，尚包含南邊的大哈登地區（Großhadern）的高科技園區。其外，研究醫院以及其他系所也分佈在慕尼黑市區各處。
目前慕尼黑大學總共有二十個學院、約七百五十名教授以及共計約五萬名學生。
慕尼黑大學隸屬於德國菁英大學的成員之一，在每年的世界大學學術排行與泰唔士高等教育世界大學排名上皆有上榜。今年的成績分別是第五十二名與第二十九名，國內排名則分別為第三與第一！

After the rebuild and student movement of 60', LMU keep growing, now the campus includes the area of the main building, Großhadern in southern Munich. Also, there's plenty of researching hospitals and other faculties, which are located in many sections of the city.
Right now there're 20 faculties, around 750 Professors and about 50000 students in LMU.
LMU's also a member of elite universities in Germany and is always on the boards of Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education World University Rankings. This year, it lands separately on 52nd and 29th, the national ranking landed on 3rd and 1st!

圖片來源：自行攝影

當你逛遍了慕尼黑市區那些擠滿了觀光客的景點，何不試圖貼近一下當地學生的生活，了解一下鮮為人知的大學歷史？

After having visited all touristic spots in the city center, why not try to get closer to the life of local students and get to know more about the history of the university?

有興趣的人也可以逛逛大學的網站，另外，大學紀念品店也在大學主棟區不遠處。有收集習慣的人可別錯過了！

慕尼黑大學首頁：http://www.uni-muenchen.de/index.html

慕尼黑大學商店：http://bit.ly/1kXuotX

For those interested, you can also visit the homepage of LMU. Besides, they also have a souvenir shop near to the main building area. If you like to collect university specialized souvenirs, don't miss that!